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Jan Konopka
Jan Konopka (1777 in Skołodycze near Słonim – December 12, 1814, in Warsaw) was a lieutenant in the Kościuszko Uprising, captain of the Polish Legions in Italy, regiment commander in the Legion of the Vistula, as well as general of the French Army and the Duchy of Warsaw. Konopka has been described as "a brave man with cold mind in combat."〔("Vistula Uhlans vs British Heavy Dragoons" in ''The Vistula Ulans at Albuera, May 1811'' ), retrieved on 24 April 2009.〕
==Biography==
Konopka was the son of Anna, a distant relative of the Princes of Conde,〔 Miłosz Korczyk, "Jan Konopka (1775-1814)", ()〕 and Franciszek Konopka, a major in Lithuanian army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.〔Dariusz Nawrot, "Litwa i Napoleon w 1812 roku" (Lithuania and Napoleon in the year 1812), Uniwersytet Slaski, 2008, pg. 30, 299, 629 ()〕 From 1792 he was a Second Lieutenant in the Ukrainska Brygada Kawalerii Narodowej (''National Ukrainian Cavalry Brigade'') and took part in the Polish–Russian War of 1792 (in Poland known as ''War in Defence of the Constitution''). He fought in the Battle of Zieleńce and was decorated.〔 During the Kościuszko Uprising he fought as a lieutenant at Battle of Maciejowice,〔Władysław Konopczyński, Polski słownik biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary), Gebethnera i Wolff, 1935, pg. 565 ()〕 was wounded, and decorated again. After the failure of the insurrection he emigrated to France and volunteered for the French army.〔
In 1797 Konopka joined the Polish Legions in Italy with a rank of captain and took part in all of the Legion's campaigns.〔Wojsko Polskie. Biuro Historyczne, "Studia i materiały do historii wojskowości" (Studies and materials in military history), Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny, 1990, pg. 126 ()〕 After the dissolution of the Legion, he returned to service in France as a Major. He was soon made a regiment commander in the Legion of the Vistula.〔Edouard Detaille, Jules Richard, Maureen C. Reinertsen, "L'Armée franc̜aise: an illustrated history of the French Army, 1790-1885", Waxtel & Hasenauer, 1992, pg. 102, ()〕 He fought in the War of the Fourth Coalition and for his part in the Battle of Friedland was decorated with the Légion d'honneur.〔M. Kermoysan, "Napoleon, Recueil Par Ordre Chronologique De Ses Lettres", BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008, pg. 330, ()〕 Subsequently he fought as part of Napoleon's forces in the Peninsular War where he experienced further successes (for example, at the Battle of Ciudad-Real)〔David R. Stefancic, "Armies in exile", East European Monographs, 2005, pg. 103 ()〕 as well as failures (at the Battle of Yevenes).〔 In 1811 he was made a general of the French army after the Battle of Albuera〔Digby Smith, "Charge!: Great Cavalry Charges of the Napoleonic Wars", MBI Publishing Company, 2007, pg. 95〕 and later of, Duchy of Warsaw, and a Baron of the French Empire.〔Kajetan Wojciechowski, (Waldemar Łysiak, ed.), "Pamiętniki moje w Hiszpanii", Pax, 1978, pg. 79 ()〕
During Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 he was made the commander of the 3rd Regiment of Lithuanian Guards.〔 Due to an absent minded mistake he allowed himself to be surprised and attacked by General Eufemiusz Czaplic. Some sources report that he quartered in Slonim too long, hoping to train newly recruited volunteers and throwing banquets, while others state that he decided to attack a numerically superior force.〔Marian Kukiel, Dzieje oręża polskiego w epoce napoleońskiej (History of Polish Forces in the Napoleonic Period), Poznań 1912/repr. 1998, p. 358, ISBN 83-86600-51-9〕 Most of his unit was captured, the rest scattered (only the Lipka Tatar units that were out on patrol escaped) and he himself was wounded and taken prisoner. Konopka was interned in Cherson.〔 After being released from prison in 1814 he was offered the command of the 1st Cavalry Brigade of Congress Poland but he declined. Exhausted by wounds, prison, and fatigue he died the same year in Warsaw.
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